1.1 Statement Of The Problem:

Traditionally, diamond cutting and polishing was carried out in Surat and it is known as “Diamond City” of India. Today, Surat has become an important location of diamond business with an established diamond market, diamond merchants association, large numbers of big units for cutting and polishing and quite a good number of suppliers of cutting and polishing machines. Due to the peculiar nature of this business, where skill and artisan (worker) is more important than capital, employment cannot be reduced with the increase of capital. Thus, this industry in the age of rising unemployment is a blessing which can provide huge employment opportunity to a large number of people by giving little bit of training. As the raw material requirement is very low in volume and investment in establishing a unit of small size is low, a unit can be started at the home itself which will give job opportunity for the family members also. Thus, this industry can minimize pressure on city for job opportunity. Thus a study on the economic impact of diamond cutting and polishing industry at Surat will highlight the importance of this industry at Surat.

1.2 Review of Liturature:

There are few studies done on this industry by different agencies and individuals. Kanti Desai in his doctoral study has focused on working pattern of this informal sector and relation between manufacturing and trading activities of diamond industry. He also focused on the factors affecting future of these trade and problems faced by owners of cottage like units*1. Jan. H. Yan der veen in his doctoral studies throws light on the factors responsible for the phenomenal growth of this industry in Gujarat*2. Prof. H. N. Pathak of IIM has given overall picture of trading activities in Bombay, intrastructure facilities available to this trade and manufacturing units of Surat. He tries to establish relation between the growth of exports and spread of manufacturing units at Surat*3. He also discusses potential for employment opportunity in these units and decentralized character of it. He discusses positive as well as negative impact of these units on workers in particular and on country as a whole*4.

1.3 Objectives of the study:

It is found that the activity is like heart-line in the economic development of the district and state, but due to size and nature it has certain issues which need timely solutions. Here an attempts to study the problems and prospects of diamond cutting and polishing industry of Surat. The paper has mainly focus to study the macro level aspects like export earnings, production and employment generation. Moreover, it has study the size of the diamond units in terms of total investment, investment in machine, labor, working capital and capital requirement per unit of employment generation.

1.4 Methodology of the study:

In order to study the above objectives, the questionnaire was prepared and information was collected from the owners, managers and analysed accordingly. Besides, Interview and discussions also were conducted with people who are involved with the industry like diamond merchants, agents etc. The study was based mainly on primary data, which collected by using questionnaire and interviews of personnel related to diamond units for micro level data. Other than primary data, Secondary data was collected from Gems and Jewellary export promotion council, Surat Diamond Association, Shop and establishment registrar of Municipal Corporation of Surat, Chief Inspector of factories, District Industry centre etc. for macro level data. The units of diamond industry are divided into three categories; 2 to 6 polishing machine for first category, 7 to 15 polishing machine for second category and more than 15 polishing machine for third category. Average and division method are used to find out profitability of units and capital/employment ratio.

This paper has divided into four section including introduction in this section. Second section comprised Macro level economic aspects like export earning, production and employment generation. Micro level economic aspects like size of unit, investment in unit, profit and capital/employment ratio have followed by third section of paper and major findings contended in last section.

2 MACRO LEVEL ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF UNIT:

Diamond cutting and polishing is concentrated in Western India - in Mumbai, Surat, Navsari, Bhavnagar, Ahmadabad, and has recently spread to parts of Southern India. Mumbai is the primary centre for diamond imports and exports, including some diamond factories which are operating in the Santacruz Electronics Export Processing Zone (SEEPZ). While the sale and production of diamonds is monitored through Mumbai, 60% of the cut and polished diamonds exported from India are handled in and around Surat. There a multitude of subcontractors organized on a pyramid structure, process vast quantities of diamonds. In case of employment generation, about 800,000 people engaged in diamond cutting and polishing, and as many as 700,000 involved in other aspects of the diamond trade. In this section, export earning of the industry, Production and employment generation in Gujarat are discussing.

2.1 Share of Diamonds in Gems and Jewellary exports (Rs. In crores):

The share share of diamonds in gems and jewellary exports in last two decades is shown below table.

Year	Diamonds	G and J	%
1990-91	4739	5360	88.41
2000-01	28042	34560	81.14
2001-02	28346	35190	80.55
2002-03	34298	43070	79.63
2003-04	39551	53234	74.30
2004-05	50074	68646	72.95

Source: Gems and Jewellery Export Promotion Council

The table is suggested that the range of share of diamonds in gems and jewellary exports are between 72.95 percent to 88.41 percent. The share of diamond in gems and jewellary are continuously decreasing after 1990-91. However, exports of diamond do not tell us the complete story as the import content of this sector is very high so it will be more appropriate to look at the exports. The bellow table has shown the earning from this industry.

2.2 Net Earnings from Exports (n Rs crores):

The net earnings from exports in last four decade is shown below table.

Year	Export	Import	Net
1970-71	43	24	19.00
1980-81	642	417	225.00
1990-91	5360	3565	1795.00
2000-01	34560	20546	14014.00
2001-02	35190	20772	14418.00
2002-03	43070	30504	12566.00
2003-04	53234	33064	20170.00
2004-05	68646	34242	34404.00

Source: GJEPC

It is evident from table that net export earnings, showed increasing trend except the year 2002-03. Three important reasons could be identified for this phenomenon of increasing more and less fluctuative trends. First the recession that set in the economies of the developed world, particularly the United States might have led to a decline in the demand for Indian exports. In 1969-70, due to recession abroad, Indian exports also fell while many units in Belgium and Israel had to be closed down. Second, India specialized in small sized diamonds for which the world market is considered to be close to saturation. Third, there has been increasing competition from countries like China, Shrilanka, Thailand, Malasiya, Indonesia, Belgium and Israel.

2.3 Share of gems and jewellary exports in total exports (in million$):

The share of gems and jewellary exports in total exports in last five decades is shown below table.

Years	Total exports	Exports of gems-jewellary	Percentage of G and J in total exports
1960-61	1346	02	0.1
1970-71	2031	59	2.9
1980-81	8486	782	9.2
1990-91	18143	2924	16.1
2006-07	1,26,362	15977	12.6
2007-08	1,59,007	19657	12.4

Source: GJEPC

The above table shows that exports of gems and jewellary have recorded a spectacular increased from 2 million $ in 1960-61 (representing 0.1 percent of total export earning) of gems and jewellary rose to $ 19657 million in 2007-08 (representing 12.4 percent of total export earning). In 1990-91, gems and jewellary occupied the first place in India’s export earning but it was decreased some extent in 2007-08 and occupied fourth place in India’s export earnings.

2.4 Production and Employment Issues of the Industry:

Gujarat location and history help explain why it has developed a diamond cluster, even though there is virtually no local demand for diamonds. Gujarat is having a lengthy history of trading with Africa. In the 19^th and early 20^th centuries many Guajarati’s went to work as laborers in south and east Africa and stayed to become traders. Later waves of emigrants included professionals such as doctor lawyers and engineers. Many Gujaratis were forced to leave Africa in the 1970s and settled in Canada, the U. K., USA and Australia. These frequent moves have allowed Gujaratis to develop transnational networks through which they are present at all stages of the diamond value chain from mining the store in Africa to its final sale in London or new York. The states proximity to Mumbai, with its large port and airport, has also contributed to its success: Surat, the centre of the diamond cluster is location in the south-east of Gujarat only a few hours from Mumbai. surat is an industrial city with 28 lacs (2001) in habitants that is a major hub for textiles, as well as diamond cutting and polishing.

Gujarat is home to the world’s largest diamond cluster, an essential processing hub between the miners and sorters of diamonds (in Russia, south Africa, Botswana and elsewhere) and the mostly in developed countries, 85% of the world’s diamonds (57% by value) are cut and polished in Gujarat .the cluster employees over half a million people most of whom are low-skilled and poorly-paid manual workers.

The Government of Gujarat (2006) reports that 40% of Gujarat’s net domestic production generated by the manufacturing industry in the industry, while Gujarat factories employ only 9% of India’s industrial workforces they generate 19% of the value added. The principal industrial in Gujarat are shown in the pie chart below*5.

Figure.- Industrial clusters in Gujarat, % share of formal manufacturing employment

Source: Government of Gujarat (2006) Socio-Economic Review

It s shown that non metallic miner products (mostly diamond) account for 7% of formal sector industrial employment in Gujarat. However most of the jobs are in the informal sector, so this chart probably understates the importance of diamond cutting and processing to Gujarat.

Surat is one of the older cities of Gujarat. It has seen centuries of growth and change during the moghal and subsequent periods. It enjoyed the prestige of being a rich port city. It was a major part of Gujarat having trade links with western and south – East Asian ports. It has always been one of the richer cities of Gujarat*6.

Surat has equally a great tradition of artisan skills and handicrafts. The jari industry of Surat was well known and equally well known is the more recent power loom industry weaving art silk fabrics. It has been observed that as in many other cities of Gujarat such as Rajkot, Jamnagar and Ahmadabad, Surat has also witnessed faster industrial growth concentrated in some decade or so. This was its pattern with reference to power loom industry and subsequently the diamond cutting and polishing industry.

The first known diamond cutting factory was started in 1938 with 65 workers however, cutting and polishing of diamond only developed widely after 1962 based on the ability of Indian artisans to convert near gem rough diamonds discarded by the rest of the world into diamonds. The units set up in the earlier years are very few. 14 units were established prior to 1960 and 46 during 1961-65 during 1966-70, 241 units were set up. The growth of diamond units accelerated from 1971 on words the number of units added in Surat were 104, 197, and 231 respectively. In 1974 a further 271 units were added. The units set up from 1960 to 1975 are 1105. In the year 1975, 456 units were established. This increase was surpassed in 1976 when 748 units set up. In 1977, no. units set up were 1036. Again the increase achieved a peak level of 1639 units in 1978. The growth suffered a setback in the year 1979. The units set up were 1083. The 1980 once again saw an increase of 2024 units. It is also find a large number of units established after 1980*7. It is estimated that over 4000 units were set up till 1992. This information is collected from shop and establishment department of Surat Municipal Corporation. The registration of the unit was became legal matter by Surat diamond association after 1992. Due to result of this legal matter, the registration of diamond unit has been handover to factory inspector office. There after all units of diamonds are not registered to its units in that office due to avoid implementation of labor laws. Only 421 units are registered in factory inspector office till 2009.

One another information was collected from district industry center, Surat about registration of units. Only 164 units were registered in the office from 2006 to 2009.

There for, this pattern indicated that growth is more unevenly spread over the years. Unregistered information was received from district industry center. According to that information, 8 diamonds are processed in Surat out of 10 diamonds in the world. 10,000 diamond units are working in Surat. It provides employment nearly 7 lakh people. According to Yue Man Lee at al (2008), there are approximately 6000 diamond processing units in Surat. (Given the informal nature of the industry, the exact number of diamond processor is unknown. The vast majority are small, informal firms, employing an average of 30 workers with capacity of 4 carats, cutting low grade diamonds. These firms are family run/owned with organic growth and no outside capital. Workers have basic skills passed through family tradition and working conditions are unregulated.

3 MICRO LEVEL ECONOMIC APECTS OF UNIT:

Gujarat is a coastal state in the west of India, between the commercial capital of Mumbai and the border with Pakistan. Gujarat is relatively prosperous by Indian standards and its industrial productivity is especially high. Gujarat’s net domestic product (NDP) per head is around $ 650 at market prices, $ 120 more than the Indian average. Gross fixed investment in Gujarat is twice the Indian average at $ 150 per capita. The Government of Gujarat (2006) reports that 40% of Gujarat’s net domestic product is generated by the manufacturing industry, compared with 20% in India as a whole. The principal industry in Gujarat is textiles, chemical, petroleum and specially diamond cutting and processing. 85% of the world’s diamond (57% by volume) are cut and polished in Gujarat. The industry employs over half a million people, most of whom are low-skilled and poorly paid manual workers. In this chapter, it is tried to study some aspects regarding size of unit, investment, rate of return, employment/ investment ratio, economics of unit, related problems etc. in this industry.

3.1 Size of unit:

The size of the unit has been studied with respect to three major aspects. The size of investment (fixed + variable) is taken as one indicator, while average employment in the unit and average no of machines has been considered as the other two criteria for determining size.

Details	No of polishing machines
Details	2-6	7-15	Above 15
Average fixed investment	58860 (46.74)	164213 (35.68)	2358245 (35.08)
average working capital	67079 (53.26)	296063 (64.32)	4663000 (64.92)
total size of unit	1,25,939 (100)	4,60,276 (100)	67,21,245 (100)
Average no of workers	16.65	58.9	359.2
Average no of machine	4	11	57

( ) indicated percentage.

Here size of unit has been studied in there classic on the basic of numbers of polishing machine owned by their units. The first category consists of units with 2 - 6 polishing machines. This category has 20 units. In the second category there are 20 units with 7-15 polishing machine. The third category has 10 units with over fifteen polishing machines. The last category has more un even no. of polishing machines.

The above data has shown that the average investment in a unit reported 1, 25,939 Rs. in category of 2-6 polishing machines. The contribution of the fixed investment in the unit is 46.74 percent unit and working capital is 53.26 percent. Here it is shown that the investment in working capital is higher the investment in fixed capital. In this category, average no. of workers and polishing machines are 16.65 and 4 respectively.

In case of second category of polishing machine, the total investment in a unit reported 4,60,276 Rs. in which, the contribution of fixed and working capital have reported 35.08 and 64.32 percentage respectively. Here, it is also shown that the role of working capital is higher than the role of fixed capital in diamond unit. The average no. of workers and average no of polishing machines have reported 58.9 and 11 respectively.

In case of third category of polishing machines, the total investment in a unit reported 6721245 rupees. In which the contribution of fixed and working capital have reported 35.08 and 64.92 percentage respectively. Here it is also shown the same condition about contribution in total investment as earlier two categories. The average no. of workers and average no. of polishing machine have reported 359.2 and 57 respectively

3.2 Total investment:

Entrepreneur can start a diamond unit by investing little money and with help of small apace and less workers. This is the fundamental features of the diamond industry. We have seen the size of unit from above table. Here made tries to know about total investment and proportion of investment in machine and other fixed factor.

Investment	No of polishing machines
Investment	2-6	7-15	Above - 15
No. of Units	20	20	10
Total investment in machine	664000 (58.39)	1956500 (59.57)	10700000 (45.37)
Average investment in machine	33200	97825	1070000
Other total fixed investment	473186 (41.61)	1327750 (40.43)	12882445 (54.63)
Other total fixed investment	23660	66388	1288245
Total investment	1137186 (100)	3284250(100)	23582445 (100)
Average investment in a unit	56860	164213	2358245

The above table has shown that the total investment in machine of all the units was 6,64,000 RS. In first (2-6) category of polishing machines total investment in other fixed factor was RS 4, 73,186. Thus the total investment in all units was 11, 37, 186 rupees. The share of machines and other fixed factors were 58.39 and 41.61 percent respectively. Here it is shown that the investment in machine was higher than the investment in other fixed factor.

In case of second category of polishing machine, the total investment in machine of all units was RS 19, 56,500 and in other fixed factors of all units was RS 13, 27,750. Thus, the total investment of all units was RS 32, 84,250. The share of machines and other fixed factor in total investment were 59.57 and 40.43 percent respectively. Here, it is also shown that the investment in machine was higher than the investment in machine was higher than the investment.

In case of third category of polishing machine, the total investment in machine of all units was 1,07,00,000 rupees and in other fixed factors was 1,28,82,445 rupees, thus the total investment of all units was RS the 2,35,82,445. The share of machine and other fixed factors in total investment were 45.37 and 54.63 and percent respectively. In this case, investment in other fixed factor was higher than the investment in machine. This is due to the units had own shad of factory where as in first and second category, units were working on rent based shad of factory. Here it is note that the system of investment in workers (which is known as baki) was operated before 1995 but here after it was not worked in this time. baki is also known as advance to workers. The system of baki was existed at the time of shortage of workers in this industry.

3.3 Working capital:

Working capital is the heart of any industry and business. Here the need of working capital has divided in two parts. Expenses in labor is first part and other expenses like light bill, power expenses and mislaneous expenses is the second part. In the diamond industry, labor is used more than the capital factor. It shows from bellow table.

Working capital	No of polishing machines
Working capital	2-6	7-15	Above - 15
No. of units	20	20	10
Total labor expenses	1179429 (87.92)	5320000 (89.85)	41993889 (96.25)
Average expenses in labour	58971	266000	4199389
Total other expenses	162143 (12.08)	601250 (10.15)	1636111 (3.75)
Average other expenses	8107	30063	163611
Total working capital	1341572 (100)	5921250 (100)	43630000 (100)
Average working capital	67079	296063	4363000

The total expenses of labor of all units was 11, 79,429 rupees and other expenses of all units was 1,62,143 rupees in the first category. Thus the total need of working capital was 13, 41,572 rupees. The share of labor and other expenses were reported 87.92 and 12.08 percent respectively. Here it is shown that the expenses of labor are higher than other expenses.

In case of second category of polishing machine, the total expenses of labor of all units were was reported 53, 20, 000 rupees and other expenses was reported 6, 01,250 rupees. Thus, the total expenses of all units were reported 59, 21,250 rupees. The share of labor expenses and other expenses were reported 89.85 and 10.15 percent respectively. Here it is also shown that the share of labor expenses is higher than the other expenses.

In case of third category of polishing machine, the total labor expenses of all units were reported 16, 36,111 rupees. Thus the total expenses was reported 4, 36, 30,000 rupees. The share of labor and other expenses in total expenses were reported 96.25 and 3.75 respectively. Here it is shown similar condition like first and second category of polishing machine.

Here, it is also noted that the labor expenses is higher than the investment in fixed factor. There for, it is prove that this industry is significantly labor intensive industry.

3.4 Profitability of the unit:

An analysis of profitability was done for 5o units in this study. They have been studied in there category as indicated earlier. The profitability of the unit taken is depicted in bellow table-4 according to their classes to which they belong.

Profitability Aspects	No of polishing machines
Profitability Aspects	2-6	7-15	Above - 15
No. of diamond processed per month	3014	14375	104778
Job rate received (Rs. Per piece)	29.60	23.88	44.78
Revenue per month(Rs)	89215	343275	4691959
Total expenses (Rs)	67079	296063	4363000
Profit (Rs)	22136	47212	328959
Investment (Rs)	56860	164213	2358245
Rate of return	38.93%	28.75%	13.95%

This gives profitability on the basis of the total expenditure indicated by the units. The revenue for the units depends upon the number of diamond pieces processed and this varies in the larger units. The expenses are subtracted from the revenue and net profits, thus obtained are divided by investment to arrive at rate of return.

In case of first category of polishing machine, the total revenue generated per month was reported 89,215 rupees. (Multiply no. of diamond processed per month with job rate per piece). Total expenses of the unit were reported 67,079 rupees. Thus, profit was obtained 22136 rupees per month. Then profits are divided by investment and arrive at rate of return, that is 38.93% per month. This method is used in other two categories. 1, 64,213 and 23,58,245 rupees of profit are obtained in the case of second and third category respectively. Thus, the rate of return of their two categories was reported 28.75 and 13.95 percentages respectively. Here it is shown that the net profit is higher in third category of polishing machine than the first and second category. While rate of return is higher in first category than the second and third category’s. This is due to the investment is required more in third category of polishing machine than the first and second category of polishing machine.

3.5 Employment /investment ratio:

It is necessary to generate higher employment to unemployment elevation for the any economy. There for it is most important to know employment/ investment ratio in diamond industry. This industry is basically labor intensive industry. Thus, it is obvious that employment / investment ratio may be lower rather than other main industry of the country. This picture will cleared by depicted bellow table.

Emp. /Invest. Aspects	No. of Polishing Machines
Emp. /Invest. Aspects	2-6	7-15	Above – 15
Total Investment	1137186	3284250	23582445
Total No. Workers	333	1178	3592
Emp. /Invest. Ratio	3415:1	2788:1	6565:1

The table has shown that the total investment was reported 11, 37,186. Which is divided by the total no. of workers 333 and obtained employment/investment ratio that is 3415:1 in first category of the polishing machine? It means that investment of 3415 rupees is required for given a employment in first category of polishing machine in this industry. Similar method is used for obtained employment/investment ratio in second and third category of polishing machine. Employment/investment ratio of second and third category of polishing machine was reported rupees 2788:1 and 6565:1 respectively. Here it is shown that there is no more difference in employment/ investment ratio of the third category is higher than the first and second category. This difference is emerged due to first and second category units are working in tenant based shed of factory. After all it is cleared that the employment/investment ratio of this industry is lower than other major and medium industry.

4 CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTION:

The diamond industry is a fascinating industry in many ways traditional on one hand and glamorous on the other. It is undergoing a gradual change from an object of investment to a fashion accessory. It is one of the fastest growing industries in the country and contributes to about 12 percent of India’s total exports. Almost 80 percent of the cutting and polishing of diamond processing is done in Gujarat. Ninety percent of total diamonds in Gujarat are processed by about 10000 diamond units located in and around Surat, alone. Gujarat’s Gems AND Jewellery sector is expected to grow at a rate of 15-20 percent in the current financial year. The future growth is likely to be driven by increased exports to US and other international markets and through domestic consumption.

4.1 Major Findings:

1 Indian diamond cutting and polishing industry engages nearly 10 lakh artisans and it is one of the largest in the world. This industry is specially known for the cutting and polishing of small diamonds.

2. The share of diamonds in gems and jewellery exports were reported 88.41 percent in 1990-91 and 72.95 percent in 2004-05. The net earnings from exports were reported 19 crore in 1970-71 and 34404 crore in 2004-05. This is huge expansion within 35 years. In 1990-91, Gems and Jewellary occupied the first place in India’s export earnings. But it was decreased some extent in 2007-08 and occupied fourth place in India’s export earnings.

3. 85% of the world’s diamonds (57 % by value) are cut and polished in Gujarat. The industry employees over half a million people, most of whom are low skilled and poorly paid manual workers.

4. The data on of diamonds units in Surat have been varied between registered office and informal nature of industry due to the exact no. of diamond processor is unknown. 8 diamonds are processed in Surat out of 10 diamonds in the world. 1000 diamond units are working in Surat. It provides employment nearly 7 lakh people according to unregistered information provided by district industry center.

5. The average investment in a unit reported 125939, 460276 and 6721245 rupees in case of first (2-6 machines), second (7-15 machines) and third (above 15 machines) category respectively. The investment in working capital is higher than the investment in fixed capitals.

6. The average fixed investment in a unit was reported 56860, 164213 and 2358245 rupees in case of first, second and third category of polishing machines respectively. The share of machine in total fixed investment was higher than the other fixed investment in case of first and second category where as vice versa in third category.

7. The share of labor expenses in total expenses were registered higher than the other expenses in terms of working capital. It was registered the range of 90 to 96 percent in all category of polishing machine

8. The rate of return was reported 38.93%, 28.75% and 13.95 % in case of first second and third category of polishing machine respectively.

9 Employment / Investment ratio was reported 3415:1, 2788:1 and 6565:1 in case of first, second and third category of polishing machines respectively.

4.2 Recommendations:

According to the recent report of the National Council of Applied Economic Research, the richest city in India is now Surat, ahead of Banglore and Madras with an average annual household income of Rs. 0.45 million (over $ 11600 per year).

80 % of all diamonds sold anywhere in the world are polished in Surat’s 10000 diamond units. Between 2004-05 and 2007-08 Surat’s middle class doubled in size and its poor reduced by a third.

1. There are too many small informal firms with insufficient scale and low labor productivity in this industry. Therefore state Government in Collaboration with employers and unions should be simplifies business licensing procedures and give incentives for informal firms to enter the formal sector.

2. The Government of India has a chance to enhance the share of diamonds exports in total exports by using the surplus capacity of this industry. Therefore government should be concentrate on infrastructure facility and support to this industry on competitive aspects.

3. To remain competitive, the Government must now take steps to improve labor productivity. Reducing the restrictions on hiring workers, reducing the reporting requirements on small and medium sized enterprises and allowing employers to pay incentives will be essential to providing productivity in Gujarat.

4. As the structure of the diamond industry changes however in Gujarat in vulnerable to higher productivity workers in china, supply constraints and a temporary fall in demand as the US recession bites for the stay competitive, the Government of India and Gujarat take further steps to liberalize product and labor markets.

5. For improvement the rate of return and employment / investment ratio the industry should be use the surplus capacity and Government should support for the same.

6. The industry has been suffering to financial crisis especially for working capital so special bank should be establish by the concern agency.

5. REFERENCES:

· Desai Kanti (1986), Hira Udyog (Gujarati), S. B. Garde College of Arts, Navsari.

· Van der van, Jan. H. (1992), Small Industry in India: A Case Study of Gujarat (Ph. D. Thesis), Consell University.

· Pathak H. N. (1984), Diamond Trade and Industry in India, IIM, Ahmadabad

· Pathak H. N. (1993), Case of the Diamond Cutting and Polishing Industry, Social Security for Unorganized Labour, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi.

· Yue Man Lee at al (2008), ‘The Gujarat Diamond Cluster: Is It Forever?’, “Microeconomics of Competitiveness Spring 2008”.

· Kashyap S. P. and Tiwari R. S. (1987), Shaping of Diamonds in surat Some Passes (Facets), Sardar Patel Institute of Social Research, Ahmadabad.

· Papola T. S. (1994), Employment Growth and Social Protection of labour in India, Vol. 30, No. 2, October, Indian Journal of Industrial Relations

Received on 25.05.2012

Revised on 04.06.2011

Accepted on 07.06.2012